Hydrogen Regulatory Framework and Supply Chain

The purpose of this task is to understand how the hydrogen supply chain will be constructed,
how different countries are developing the hydrogen market and the overall regulatory regimes
involved. Specifically, it addresses:

• a technical description of the supply chain and how the different parts of the supply chain are
  integrated, with suggestions about what a local hydrogen strategy should include;
• how different countries are developing hydrogen, an analysis of these developments, the
  measures they are taking to encourage the use of hydrogen, what type of technology they are
  looking to develop, and some of the standards being employed in these countries.

The first part analyses the different ways that storage is produced, storage requirements and
methods of handling hydrogen, both at the domestic level and for international export. We then
go on to compare the different methods for transporting hydrogen to its end users and finally we
discuss what enabling infrastructure is required at the site to use hydrogen.
The second part analyses five countries that have been tipped to be significant players in the
hydrogen market. The countries and the reasons for using them for this analysis are as follows :

• United Kingdom: We chose the UK as it has ambitious plans to use hydrogen in the country and
  potentially for export. It has excellent wind resources and is currently leading in offshore wind
  farms but solar resources are relatively poor. Ricardo comes from the UK and we understand
  how the hydrogen market is being developed in the country. The UK is adopting a mixed
  approach with interest in both green and blue hydrogen.
• Canada: Canada is also tipped as one of the leading countries and it already has a joint
  agreement to supply Germany with green hydrogen through the H2 Global partnership. Canada
  also currently has an interest in both blue hydrogen and green hydrogen.
• India: India, like Germany, is actively looking for hydrogen, particularly through imports. It
  was also the first country to draw up a hydrogen strategy in 2017. Since it is leading the way
  in developing hydrogen technology, it makes sense to analyse its progress and the markets
  the country is looking to develop. India is also close to Indonesia geographically and may be a
  potential export market.
• Australia: We chose Australia as it is likely to be a major player and it is looking at exporting
  its hydrogen to other countries. The country is also close to Indonesia and would therefore be
  a direct competitor if Indonesia also wants to export its hydrogen. Australia’s first export of
  hydrogen was to Japan in 2021. Australia has excellent solar resources as well as significant
  opportunities for wind energy.
• Chile: Chile has the best solar resources in the world and one of the best wind resources. Back
  in 2020, they declared the country a potential exporter of green hydrogen and to further this
  ambition Chile has signed a contract to supply the Port of Hamburg.

The assessment of the country profiles is based on the following elements that are considered key
to developing hydrogen in a country:

Strategies, key targets and planned milestones by country: The current strategies for developing
hydrogen will be analysed for each country as well as the planned milestones.
Policies for support: As hydrogen is a new technology, government support is likely to be required
for it to become established. Each of the countries’ policies concerning support will be analysed.
Subsidies/incentives: We will discuss the levels of subsidies and incentives, and how they are
implemented where we have access to this information.
Research and development support: Research and development will be important in developing
hydrogen. Where information is available, we will analyse the policies of the different countries.
Examples: We will discuss examples of the main projects being developed by each country.

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